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Links in the Chain by Mahadevi Verma- Essay 1: Summary

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Mahadevi Verma  “Links in the Chain” is a powerful and thought-provoking anthology of essays that speaks to the interconnectedness of men and women in society . By exploring the idea of interconnectedness, this essay will analyze the various ways in which women's lives are impacted and explore the connections between these perspectives. About Mahadevi Verma : Mahadevi Verma  (26 March 1907 - 11 September 1987) is renowned as one of the four most prominent figures of the Chhayawadi period in Hindi literature. She was an esteemed Indian poet, essayist, short story author, and a significant figure in Hindi literature. Mahadevi Verma is highly respected in Hindi literature and is often referred to as the 'Modern Meera' by her fans. She was talented in music and art and was a skilled translator. Mahadevi Verma assumed control of the prominent women's magazine 'Chand' and contributed to it. She was an exceptional champion of women's rights and is viewed as the le...
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AK Ramanujan's Theory and Practice of Translation By Vinay Dharwadker

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A.K. Ramanujan's Theory and Practice of Translation (Image Source: Google) Vinay Dharwadker   was born in Pune, Maharashtra in 1954. He pursued his B.Sc.(Honors) in Physics from St. Stephen's College, University of Delhi, India in 1974, and M.Sc. in Physics and Astrophysics from the University of Delhi in 1976. He did his PhD in "The Future of the Past: Modernity, Modern Poetry, and the Transformation of Two Indian Traditions" from the University of Chicago, Illinois.  He   is a professor of English, World Literature, and South Asian Studies at the University of Wisconsin - Madison. He is also a member of the Affiliate Faculty for the Center for South Asia and the Center for Visual Cultures. He was awarded the  Translation Prize in English in 2007 in 2008 by  Sahitya Akademi for "Kabir: The Weaver's Songs". Vinay Dharwadker- AK Ramanujan's Theory and Practice of Translation (Image Source: Google) "Post-Colonial Translation: Theory and Practic...
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M.A. English Semester 1 Syllabus- University of Lucknow | Details | Books | Notes |

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M.A. English - University of Lucknow | Details | Books | Notes |          Semester 1 :   Paper 1 :  ENGCC- 101 : English Society, Literature and Thought (Chaucer to 16th Century) Unit 1 : (a) Social and Intellectual Background                       Renaissance                        Reformation                       Beginning of colonialism               (b) Prose                    Thomas More                        :  "Of their Slaves and of their Marriages"  from Utopia                   Francis Bacon                      ...
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25 Must Read Poems by William Wordsworth for English Literature Students

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One must read Wordsworth’s poems because they offer a profound union of simplicity, beauty, and philosophical depth. As the “poet of Nature,” Wordsworth transforms landscapes, rivers, and mountains into spiritual companions that nurture and elevate the human soul. His poetry celebrates ordinary people and emotions, making it accessible while carrying deep reflections on life, memory, and imagination. Through his reverence for childhood, his use of simple, natural language, and his belief in poetry’s moral power, Wordsworth redefines literature as a means of spiritual and emotional growth. Reading him is not just an aesthetic experience but also a journey into self-awareness, empathy, and a renewed connection with the natural world. ___________________________________ # 1 : Sonnet on Seeing Miss Helen Maria Williams Weep At a Tale of Distress (1787) Miss Helen Maria Williams # 2 : It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free (1807) # 3 : Written in very Early Youth (1807) # 4 : Lines writte...
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Macbeth by William Shakespeare - Notes in Bullet Points | BA, MA, TGT, PGT, UGC-NET

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The play’s central message is that ambition without moral restraint is destructive , leading to guilt, tyranny, and downfall. Shakespeare warns us that trying to achieve power through evil means always backfires, and natural justice will prevail.  The central message of Macbeth can be summed up in one line: 👉 Uncontrolled ambition leads to moral corruption, chaos, and ultimately self-destruction. Macbeth: an Introduction  Dramatist - William Shakespeare   Genre - Tragedy First Performed - 1606 First Printed - 1623 Full Title - The Tragedy of Macbeth Written in Reign of - James I Literary period - Jacobean Age (24 March, 1603- 27 March, 1625) Published in - Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories & Tragedies , also known as First Folio Also known as - Shortest and Bloodiest Tragedy by Shakespeare Theme - Ambition for Power Total Male Characters - 21 Total Female Characters - 3 ( Lady Macbeth, Lady Macduff, a gentlewoman attending on Lady Macbeth) Total Witche...
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Ideology, On the Construction Of Different Anne Franks

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Anne Frank (Image Source : Google) Translation: Ideology, On the construction of different Anne Franks by Andre Lefevere  Andre Lefevere   was a translation theorist. He obtained his Ph.D. in "Prolegomena to a grammar of literary translation: An investigation into the process of literary translation based on an analysis of various translations of Catullus' 64th poem" (1972) . His most important contribution is in comparative literary studies and translation studies in particular. He theorized translation as a form of rewriting produced and read with a set of ideological and political constraints within the target language, and cultural system. Andre Lefevere (Source - Google) Translation: Ideology, On the construction of different Anne Franks  About Translation Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Frame : "Translation Rewriting and the Manipulation Of Literary Fame" talks about Translation Studies as a separate discipline. In the Preface of the book, the a...
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The Backwoods of Canada - Letter IX by Catharine Parr Traill | Summary

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  Catharine Parr Traill was a 19th-century English-Canadian author who wrote mainly about life in Upper Canada. She started writing at the age of 16, and her first work was "The Tell Tale: An Original Collection of Moral and Amusing Stories (1818)".  She started writing about Canadian life when she moved to Upper Canada after her marriage. She also wrote a guidebook for the new settlers of Canada, to provide the necessary information needed to start a comfortable life in the bushland, namely "The Female Emigrant's Guide(1854)".  She was also a naturalist and wrote several works such as Canadian Wild Flowers(1868), and Studies of Plant Life in Canada(1885).  Catharine Parr Traill Image Courtesy: Google The Backwoods of Canada, is an anthology of letters and journals written by Traill to her mother and family, describing her voyage and life in Canada, the people of Canada, her neighbors, the relationship between Canadians, Americans, and the Indigenous peoples, t...
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My Heart Leaps Up (1807) by William Wordsworth | Complete Analysis

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  William Wordsworth’s "My Heart Leaps Up" is that a deep, instinctive joy in nature — symbolized by the sight of a rainbow — should remain constant throughout a person’s life, from childhood to adulthood and even into old age.   Wordsworth expresses that this enduring emotional response to nature is essential to his very being. He famously states that "the child is father of the man" , meaning that the pure wonder and delight a child feels should guide and shape the adult’s spirit. If he were ever to lose this capacity for joy, he feels life would lose its meaning. Index A. Text B. Vocabulary C. Introduction D. Summary  E. Line-Wise Analysis F. Themes G. Figures of Speech H. Symbols I. Setting   J. Rhyme Scheme and Metre K. Key Takeaway L. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) ________________________________________________________________________________ My heart leaps up when I behold     A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began;  So is...
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A Mark of Resistance by Adrienne Rich

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Adrienne Rich’s “A Mark of Resistance” is a short but symbolic poem about quiet, enduring defiance against forces of destruction, oppression, or erasure . The poem presents the act of resistance as something both natural and necessary. It uses the image of a single flower blooming stubbornly in hostile conditions as a metaphor for the persistence of life, hope, and human resistance.   ____________________________________________________ Stone by stone I pile this cairn of my intention with the noon’s weight on my back, exposed and vulnerable across the slanting fields which I love but cannot save from floods that are to come; can only fasten down with this work of my hands, these painfully assembled stones, in the shape of nothing that has ever existed before. A pile of stones: an assertion that this piece of country matters for large and simple reasons. A mark of resistance, a sign.                        Adrienne Rich’...
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